Researchers develop heartworm vaccine
Researchers develop heartworm vaccine
As drug resistance grows, researchers plow new ground to develop heart worm vaccine
DENVER/May 19, 2020 – For pet owners and veterinarians, a new study focused on developing a novel vaccine for heart worm may turn out to be a significant step forward in combating this deadly parasitic infection.
Morris Animal Foundation-funded researchers at the University of Liverpool, in the United Kingdom, are identifying key proteins as the basis for a canine heart worm vaccine. If successful, the vaccine could provide protection against heart worm disease and help combat the growing threat of drug resistance to preventive heart worm medications. At least one million dogs in the United States are infected annually with heart worm disease. Cases seen in veterinary clinics have increased by more than 20% since 2016.
“Currently, there are very few options for the sustainable prevention of heart worm disease in the likely event that drug resistance continues to spread,” said Dr. Ben Makepeace, Reader at University of Liverpool and principal investigator on the study. “If we don’t find an alternative, then treating established adult worms will be very difficult in dogs.”
The Battle
Heart worm is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Heart worms spread as larva from host to host through mosquito bites. Once mature, the worms cause inflammation of the blood vessels and can block blood flow, leading to pulmonary thrombosis (clots in the lungs) and heart failure, as well as liver or kidney failure.
The research team previously identified how other filarial parasites similar to D. immitis avoid destruction by producing a protein that blocks a key pathway alerting immune systems to their presence. The team also identified a second protein that prevents T-cells, important white blood cells, from attacking the parasites. This powerful one-two punch cripples the host’s immune system, allowing the worms to flourish.
Researchers develop heartworm vaccine- New Theory
The team suspects the same proteins produced by D. immitis have a similar effect in dogs. In this study, the team first will confirm this theory. The researchers will then test how different surface proteins on immature worms interact with white blood cells from donor dogs. This will see which proteins optimally stimulate a dog’s immune system.
This work, if successful, could lay the groundwork for vaccine development. Eventually progressing to clinical trials in dogs to test the candidate vaccine’s safety and effectiveness. Dr. Makepeace hopes that his results also could be applied to cats.
“An eventual heart worm vaccine would be highly beneficial for canine health. Current preventive methods can be costly and rely on owner compliance,” said Dr. Janet Patterson-Kane, Morris Animal Foundation Chief Scientific Officer. “A vaccine would also address the growing problem of drug resistance. This is of great concern to both pet owners and veterinarians.”
American Heart worm Society
This study was made possible by the American Heart worm Society, which aims to further scientific progress in the study of heart worm disease. They encourage and help promote effective products for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart worm disease.
“We are proud to partner with Morris Animal Foundation to fund this study and hope it can finally lead to a needed vaccine,” said Dr. Tom Nelson. “The first definitive evidence that dogs could be immunized against heart worm infections was published in 1974. Over the ensuing 25 years, numerous attempts to produce a heart worm vaccine were attempted. None succeeded in obtaining the level of protection achieved with the macrocyclic lactones of today’s heart worm preventives. Fast forward another 20 years, and researchers today are working on a new approach.”
Morris Animal Foundation, headquartered in Denver, is one of the largest nonprofit animal health research organizations in the world. Funding more than $155 million in studies across a broad range of species.
About Morris Animal Foundation
Morris Animal Foundation’s mission is to bridge science and resources to advance the health of animals. Founded by a veterinarian in 1948, we fund and conduct critical health studies for the benefit of all animals. Learn more at morrisanimalfoundation.org.
